1. The Incal detail (Moebius): Foreshortening and overlap the rat and rider, and diminution of the human figures. Some larger debris in the front overlaps debris in the middle and back. Also the smaller objects are more detailed in the front, and less so in the back which we could say atmospheric. DCFOA 41553 2. Mucha, The abolition of serfdom in Russia: dominant effect is the atmospheric perspective in the background with the cathedral (less contrast and details, darker colors) and the crowd in the back. Diminution and overlap of the masses of people. Little foreshortening of the kneeling figures and the dog in the front DCFOA 31235 3. St. Bavo Cathedral by Gerrit Berckheyde: Convergent lines across the sides and vault. Diminution of people, also less detailed, but the architecture is very detailed even in the back (so not atmospheric I think). Some foreshortening and diminution of the arches on the two sides, not independently from convergence. DCFOA 45121 4. Last supper by Cranach the Younger: Convergent lines on the floor, ceiling and sides. Diminution of figures standing back. Characters overlapping each other, and Jesus overlaps the column in the middle. A little foreshortening of arches on the two sides. DCFOA 34241 5. The Annunciation w/ Saint Emidius by Carlo Crivelli: Convergent lines on the buildings, ceiling decorations, diminution of the figures and ornaments on the walls. A ray of light comes forward to the very front, intersecting all the converging lines in its way. Some rendering of the apple and cucumber in the center front. Some overlapping of figures. DCFOA 45221 6. Solitude by Paul Delvaux: Figure in the front overlaps the buildings, Convergent lines on the buildings, rail tracks, railway car, the road and fence and electric wire posts, but not converging to the same vanishing point. Diminution of lamp and electric wire posts. The atmosphere lightens up a little in the distance (strange). DCFOA 45131 7. Sposalizio detail by Raphael: Converging lines on the ground, Diminution of people and some columns in the back, also columns and ornaments overlap each other. Rendering helps a lot creating the 3D effect. The repeated and rotated elements (arches, ornaments, windows, walls) very clearly describes the form in 3D but I can't describe it with the help of DCFOA, I have to think about it more. Any suggestions are welcome! DCFOA 33231 Thank you for this lesson.

Toni Infinite - Spiderman Diminution - 4.5/5 The buildings and birds appear smaller the further they are away. Convergence - 2/5 The parallel lines for the buildings do converge relatively well, but a lot of them converge before they meet at the vanishing point. I think because of the amount of lines and how close they are it is pretty hard to notice. Foreshortening - 4-5 Gwen's arms do appear foreshortened, and you can get the sense of them moving back in space. Overlap - 5/5 I believe this is the element that is done the best in this painting. There is a clear overlap with each of the buildings pushing the others further back in space. The same can be said with Gwen & Miles limbs, pushing these characters forward into space. Atmosphere 3/5 The buildings get lighter the further they are pushed in space but it is harder to tell because of the extreme lighting and saturation of all the colours in this image. Grocery Run by Guweiz Diminution 4/5 The objects do appear smaller the further they are away. Its especially impressive because of how small the space is. Convergence 4/5 Its not perfect but most lines converge at the similar places Foreshortening 2/5 Very few objects are foreshortened in this image, specifically from extreme angles . But the objects that are appear well done Overlap 5/5 Overlap is done well in this image, giving a clear message of what is at the front of space and what is behind it. Atmosphere 1/5 Atmosphere is basically non existent in this image. But that is because of how the lighting is displayed and how small the space is, its not really needed. The Ghat at Varanasi by Hiroshi Yoshida Diminution 5/5 Objects and the people appear smaller the further back in space they are. Specifically the mountains off in the distance are done quite well. Convergence 3/5 All lines going towards the mountains (left side of the painting) appear to be converging at a singular vanishing point. However all lines going to the right aren't all converging at the right place. I believe this is because of how close everything is to the horizon line. Foreshortening 0/5 No foreshortening that is noticeable in this image Overlap 4/5 The overlap of the people and their limbs are down quite well. As well as the pieces of cloth? going down the stairs Atmosphere 2/5 Very little atmosphere in this painting apart from the mountains off in the distance. Which are done well. Resupply by Peter Han Diminution 4/5 Diminution is done well, you get a clear sense of what characters are in the foreground, mid ground and background. Convergence 3/5 All lines appear to be converging at a similar rate, hard to tell at parts because of how the perspective at the left-side/foreground of the image is done. Foreshortening 5/5 I believe this is the element that is done the best in this image. The camel's head and neck feel like they are subtly being pushed against the camera. And the legs show a clear sense of space as well. Overlap 3/5 Overlap is done well but not the main focus. Atmosphere 2/5 Done only to the buildings further in the background. The lines of these buildings appear fainter but for diminution is the main reason you can tell they are further back. And the lack of detail.

Leonardo da Vinci-The Last Supper Diminution- 3/5 Small objects on the dining table appear further away. The objects look narrow and tiny from the viewer's eye. Convergence- 4/5 The main figure is in front of the vanishing point. They are parallel lines that meet at the vanishing point. One-point perspective is present in the vanishing point. Foreshortening- 5/5 The small objects on the dining table appear shorter. The dining table changes shape at either end of the painting. The top plane is shorter than the side plane in length to trick the viewer's eye. Overlap- 2/5 The other figures on either side of the main figure overlap. They are looking at various directions. Some are looking in various directions. Some are looking at the main figure, whereas a few are looking in the opposite direction. Atmosphere- 1/5 The background is naturally dark, whereas the side and the front are light. The top is dark to reflect the aerial perspective and the layout. Leon Battista Alberti - Perugino Christ Giving the Keys to the Kingdom of St. Sistine Chapel Diminution-5/5 The figures in the background appear smaller and farther away. They blend into the background. You can see them from a long distance. Convergence- 4/5 There are parallel lines behind the chapel building. The lines meet together at the vanishing point. One-point perspective is present in the painting. Foreshortening- 3/5 The objects and figures look shorter when viewed at an angle. The buildings are narrow at the sides. Overlap- 3/5 The figures overlap each other. They are looking in different directions. The two main figures are centred near the parallel lines. Atmosphere- 2/5 The sky is a mixture of light and dark. The mountains and the landscapes are darker. There are minimal shadows near the figures to show the layout.

I decided to go over Hiroshi Yoshida's work as I found it very interesting and beautiful. Kiso River: Convergence: 4/5 - river convergence indicates that it is going away from us Diminution: 4/5 - the house on the mountain is much smaller compared to the boats. So are the trees in the background (near the horizon). Foreshortening: 1/5 - not much foreshortening other than the boatsin the river. Overlap: 3/5 - there is overlap happening with some of the boats and with the hilltop and the river. Atmospere: 4/5 - the landscape in the background fades out and gets lighter - indicating distance. Summit of Mt Fuji: Convergence 3/5 - the path converges and indicates distance the further away it goes Diminution 3/5 - the people further down the path are smaller than the people closer to the ‘camera’ Foreshortening 0/5 - no foreshortening here Overlap 1/5 - minor overlap in the background happens with some of the people in the picture Atmosphere - 2/5 - near the bottom right corner the mountain fades out - providing some atmosphere to the picture Kofukuji Autumn: Convergence 2/5 - we see some convergence in the overall image via the people getting smaller and the buildings pointing towards the right side (they’re all converging to their own vanishing points that are all clustered together in the right side of the image. Diminution - 4/5 - the people in the image get smaller as we go from left to right. Also, the building in the front is bigger than the base of the building behind it. Foreshortening - 0/5 - not much foreshortening going on, maybe a bit with the tree on the right - otherwise nada Overlap - 5/5 - the trees overlapping on the building indicate they are the foreground, the building overlapping the one behind it indicates that it is the middleground, and the building in the background is clearly the last in the layer order. Atmosphere - 5/5 - the building in the back + the background trees are all faded out compared to the foreground elements.

Raden Saleh: The Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro Diminution 4/5, the character doesnt reallly diminish that much, but if we see trees, definetely diminution. Convergence 3/5 there is convergence, we see it on the stairs, and buildings Foreshortening 1/5 I don't thing they use this card here (Please correct me if I'm wrong!!) Overlap 5/5 A LOT OF overlap, character A overlap with B with another character with the building with the crowds, house overalpped with the trees, pillars. Atmosphere 3.5/5 This is pretty low cuz yes we can see it there on the mountains, the atmosphere are really far away, the closer ones dont, like see the coconut tree or the crowds behind, its no thick atmosphere.

Hasui Kawase Diminuation 4/5 The size of the boats on the horizon line compared to the pier are great for diminuation. Convergence 5/5 The pier itself converging into perspective is incredible! It's a confusing structure, and you can see how it converges in a deep linear perspective Foreshortening 4/5 It was hard considering whether to count certain elements as convergence or forshortening. I chose to give it a 4/5 for forshortening because of the deep angle the bench is shown in. but, other than the bench, there doesn't seem to be much. Overlap 3/5 Other than the people over lapping the railings, and the post in the forgrown overlapping the pier, most cases of overlapping making come from the railings. Atmosphere 5/5 The boats in the distance are foggy and faint compared to the deep contrasting shadows of the pier and the ripples on the water. I included a few other pieces I scored out of 5, but I dont have time to do a full anaylsis of them all at the moment.

I choose Diego Velazquez’s painting Las Meninas. I believe this painting demonstrates most of the principals of d.a.f.o.c, but is weak when it comes to foreshortening. Diminution- 4/5 Clearly the figure standing in the doorway is smaller than any figure in the foreground of the painting, telling the viewer that he is further back in space. Atmospheric- 5/5 The paintings hanging on the wall in the back of the painting are less detailed, and in darker value than the foreground. Foreshortening- 1/5 This the weakest of all. This 1 point perspective and poses of the figures does not present and opportunities to show foreshortening. The arms painter on the left show the most foreshortening. However it is not doing most of the work to create depth in this painting. Overlap- 5/5 The Canvas overlaps all, and helps create the illusion that we are standing near or in the place of the subject matter that the painter (diego Velazquez) is painting. The shapes of the figures overlap one another as well, and their forms, arms, legs etc overlap to create a 3d character. Convergence- 5/5 The converging lines, especially those of the paintings hanging on the right wall of this image help show depth, pointing to the vanishing point on the back wall and reinforce depth in this image.

From 1 to 6: Renoir, Mullins, Tsukushi, Aivazovsky, void的货摊, and Prout

1. Vincent van Gogh, Vincent’s Bedroom In Arles. While not perfect perspective it follows the rules and plays with the forms a little deliberately flattening out some objects to make them more cartoony. because of this diminution and overlap play a lager roles in the perspective of the painting. Because some objects are flattened and without shadows the only indicator of their scale is their size relative to each other and their overlapping order. There is convergence and a clear one point of perspective in the horizon of the room at eye level, though there is some deliberate distortion to play with how the perspective works. Foreshortening is present with the furniture having shorter lines down the side to indicate they are facing towards us. The use of colour is very cartoonish and bold so i would hesitate to say that there was any atmospheric perspective in this painting. 2. Józef Chełmoński, Czwórka A great example of foreshortening with the four horses coming towards us at different angles across the breadth of the painting each of their silhouette's individual distorted by foreshortening. The horses overlap the carriage to show they are in front of it and the figures of the driver and passenger are scaled to show one man is further back then the other. The convergence again is in the center to give us the aspect of being directly in front of the carriage as it thunders down on top of us, we are also at quite a low angle to the horizon to make the figures more imposing. 3. JMW Turner, Rain, Steam, and Speed – The Great Western Railway (1844) Hopefully what i think is a good example of atmospheric perspective as the train, bridges and scenery all dissolve into the fog of rain and steam at the back of the panting. you can see clear convergence lines from the straight bridges heading off into the distance. The boat at the bottom left of the picture is a good example of diminution appearing tiny compared to the elevated train, which is foreshortened as it comes towards us the lines back to its carriages shortened to show the scale of the train. 4. L.S. lowery Going to work Another one that I think plays with perspective, there are clear converging lines that lead to the factory buildings at the back and the stick figure silhouettes' diminishing as they get closer to the buildings. There is some flattening of lines here that should be in perspective once again to play with the perception in a way that i think makes the perspective more noticeable. Overlap and diminution work together again in this piece to give it a cartoony aesthetic. This painting does not use foreshortening or atmospheric perspective but in stead relies on the line weight of the figures to portray distance. 5. Salvador Dalí and Walt Disney - Destino freeze frame. Dali seems to set up his paintings as if they were a gallery themselves. Firstly creating strong convergent lines with the use of the checkerboard tiled flooring heading off into the distance, the gaps between the flooring and there lines also add to this feeling. they are pointing to two slightly different vanishing points on the horizon which give the painting an off balance feeling. there is slight diminution between the two statues the one on the right appearing closer because it looks bigger. The statue on the left has some playful use of scale on its own a tiny diminished city or building sits under the statue prompting that its scale must be very large. there is no real use of overlap. the images are presented as on one plane each and not pointed towards the viewer so I don't think there is much of an example of foreshortening. the horizon is white which could be a example of atmospheric projection but i don't think a very strong one.

This exercise was fun and and exposed me to all of the joy and deeper layers of understanding that only come with spending time with a picture. I noticed that converging lines are much more prevalent in urban and developed environments, or interiors. I also recognized the prevalence for some of the comic artists I like to use a lot of 'dimunitized' detail and objects far back into the picture space. I like this detail and I think it makes the worlds they're creating feel much more vast and complex. The least used technique in my selection of images is foreshortening. I think that has to do with the purpose and type of images I selected, i.e., lots of them are stand alone paintings and illustrations, or environmental shots, that have a goal of reading well. This is just a guess. As I read and look at pictures in the future, I'll be on the lookout to save some with foreshortened figures and objects, and curvilinear perspectives as well (if anyone has any examples by the artists I studied here, or any adjacent artists of similar style, please feel free to share). Lastly, there are some images that I included that rely a lot on values and color, things that we aren't specifically focusing on here, but I figured it's helpful to keep those techniques in mind as I'll be learning about them in the future.

A Monster Calls (Jim Kay) Diminution (3/5) There are not many objects, but the two chairs get smaller and the chandeleir makes the monster look big despite it being further from the boy. Convergence (4/5) Its only one vanishing point but the few objects parallel lines seen converge towards the monster. Foreshortening (0/5) Not really any foreshortening in this illustration. Overlap (3/5) The boy overlaps the monster, the chandelier hangs infront of the Monsters shoulder. It gives the monster scale. Atmosphere (5/5) The Monster becomes the atmosphere despite it being a cramped hallway. North Shore (Daniel Merriam) Diminution (1/5) Apart from the tree house and the surfboards, there isn't many other objects that shrink in perspective since the house is the focal point. Convergence (3/5)(?) It looks like there is some parallel lines, but with how the building curves and twist. I'm not sure how convergence works with this. Foreshortening (4/5)(?) A few of the buildings in has some foreshortening albiet with alot of twist in it. Overlap (5/5) The architecture on the building overlaps on each other. The overlapping adds to the surreal structure of the print. Atmosphere (2/5) The background behind the the building blends in with the sunset. The Newcomer "My villiage I think" The one in possesion "Sorry old think I took it half an hour ago." (Ernest Howard Shepard) Diminution (1/5) Apart from the trees and some houses in the background, therd are not many objects that shrink. Convergence (1/5) Its hard to see a clear set of lines that converge on a point. Foreshortening (1/5) Some of the scraps of the house may have it but its hard to see. Overlap (5/5) The destruction the the house, the rubble everywhere, the trees, the old one and the one in possesion. The chaos the newcomer sits on is emphasized through the overlapping. Atmosphere (4/5) Despite the lack of color, the smoke, and destruction of the area makes the atmosphere visible.

1. Blame(manga) by Nihei Tsutomu Diminution: 1/5 - The only objects that could be used as a pinpoint for size change are stairs on the right. People stay almost the same size and there are no other objects that could be compared. Convergence: 4/5 - Lines converge into 1 vanishing point, there are a lot of lines visible so it's creating strong atmosphere. Overlapping: 2/5 - The entrance on the forefront overlaps the background. The entrance itself is quiet big compared to people so it adds to overall feeling of big empty space. Foreshortening: 1/5 - I don't see any foreshortening on the picture. Atmosphere: 2/5 - Dark lines at the end of the corridor create strong sense of unknown and far-awayness. 2. Real(manga) by Takehiko Inoue Diminution: 2/5 - People get smaller the farher away from the centerpoint(ball) to the point where they are merely suggested in the audience. Convergence: 2/5 - There are dynamic lines on the floor, they all seem to converge into the same vanishing point. Overlapping: 5/5 - Players are overlapping each other, there is a lot of overlapping between characters and it is the main thing that creates atmosphere in this piece. There is also a ball which is the center point and it overlaps all of them. Foreshortening: 4/5 - Limbs get foreshortened in dynamic poses that characters take which gives dimension to all of them. Atmosphere: 3/5 - Background gets white and dynamic lines vanish as they go back in space. 3. Grandship location art from Bravely Default game by Akihiko Yoshida Diminution: 3/5 - Structures get smaller as they go back. Windows of the objects could be taken as a reference point as well as doors and stairs. The birds also get smaller as they fade away into the background. Convergence: 5/5 - Objects individually converge into their own vanishing points and the whole ship also appears to have set of general vanishing points. Overlapping: 4/5 - Structures within the ship overlap each other which make the whole ship appear enormous with many objects and buildings within it. Foreshortening: 4/5 - Every building and structure appear to foreshorten more or less rapidly. Atmosphere: 2/5 - The features of structures appear to be less detailed the further they are. Sky also seems to fade away into the horizon.

I am absolutely not able to make all of the art I chose under but, for the sake of this assignement I'll do my best to critic their work ! However I give them all a 10/5 for the result. 1. Muddy Alligators, John Singer Sargeant - Diminution 3/5 : It's a bit tricky because the diminution only happens on the alligators but they seem to dimish the farthest they get. However I feel that the third closest alligator's (the one with the head one the largest one) proportions feel a bit weird ? - Convergence 2/5 : When I look at the heads I wonder if the convergence is really accurate. - Foreshortening 4/5 : I think he did an amazing job especially with their bodies, not 5 because of the two points before. - Overlap 5/5 : I find it really clear which element is in front of other. - Atmosphere 4/5 : the farther it gets the less definition, he seems to use les colors to make one element. 2. Amarrage de gondoles sur le grand canal, John Singer Sargeant - Diminution 5/5 : Don't see anything wrong or ambigus. - Convergence 4/5 : the second gondola front feels a bit weird but except for that nothing to say. - Foreshortening 4/5 : same, except the second gondola everything looks great - Overlap 5/5 : cristal clear - Atmosphere 4/5 : Maybe the cheminy on the top could be less airy and more defined than the background buildings. 3. The old mill, Joseph (Mallord William) Turner - Diminution 5/5 : - Convergence 3/5 : When I look at the cheminy and roof I have the feeling they are not parallel and should be and, both of the wheels don't look symetrical. Also the wooden "water bridge" thing is maybe too much straight, unless it is curved. - Foreshortening 4/5 : A doubt on the wheels - Atmosphere 5/5 : Beautiful foggy transition 4. Sanda (Chapter 4) , Itagaki Paru - Diminution 4.5/5 : On the third image I wonder if the hand is not to big in comparison to everything else. Also the faucet on the desk, the farthest one is bigger than the nearest and it doesn't look like it's meant. - Convergence 5/5 : - Foreshortening 5/5 : As soon as you the the drawing you know wether one element it's in front or behind another. - Atmosphere 0.5/5 : lines get thinner on the background but brutal transition to white. The air is used as a contour of the characters.

:)

More analysis after watching the critique video. It is starting to become more clear again how to identify the tricks, I just need to improve my vocabulary to verbalize my though process better. Still not sure if I'm overrating or underrating some of these, but I guess I'll just have to refine my judgement with practice and the concepts I'm going to relearn later will help me. Just need to keep observing masters' work as I learn again. See anything I miss I should have pick-up with these examples?

More brain teasing analysis of Masters. I thought that doing this course again from the beginning would make things easier to judge, but I found myself wondering if it's convergence or foreshortening that is causing this effect? Or is it overlaps as oppose to diminution? I ask myself which trick should I rate higher? Are they both on equal footing in that case, or it is up to the viewers interpretation then? What do you all think?

1 (Cezanne). 41142 2 (Raphael). 35331 3 (Krenz). 52243 4 (Disney). 52134